The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay

The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay More than half of the worlds population is under 30-years-old and only 4 of them have not joined a social network yet. It took 38 years for Radio to reach 50 million users and 13 years for TV. Facebook reported a rise of 200 million users in less than a year (Social Media Revolution, 2010). 48 hours of video will be uploaded to Youtube in the next two minutes (Youtube Fact Sheet, 2010). Media consumption takes up almost a half of an average individuals time and, although live TV remains the favourite channel in most peoples media diets, new medias popularity is growing at an incredible rate (Ofcom, 2010). One quarter of the search results for the worlds largest brands are links to user-generated content and 78 of consumers trust the online peer reviews recommendations of a product or service (Qualman, 2010). In this context, it is no longer a choice, but a necessity, for PR professionals today to consider the numerous Web 2.0 tools and technologies and redesign their communication strategies around customers social activity. In order to adapt to the current media trends, most newspapers today are developing blogs, uploading video content to their website, offer e-newsletter subscription and so on. This may indicate that the channel is not as important to the media consumer as the content is. The combination between the old media of broadcasting and newspapers and the new one, of data communications, delivered on a single device, is referred to, by most analysts, as media convergence. A recent example of old-new media convergence is represented by the merger between the US magazine Newsweek and the news and blogs website The Daily Beast into a new entity named The Newsweek Daily Beast(Media Week, 2010). In his book Convergence culture: where old and new media collide Jenkins (2006:2) uses three different concepts media convergence, participatory culture, and collective intelligence to describe the convergence culture; in other words, it is the flow of information across a myriad of media industries, the collaboration between these media and the nomadic behaviour of media consumers in search of their desired kinds of entertainment, that define the term of convergence culture. The author implies that convergence is not just a technological concept, unifying various media in a single device, but a cultural and social one, encouraging consumers to act as communities, rather than individuals. Jenkins (2006) states that convergence culture impacts both the way media is produced and the way it is consumed, highlighting the changing relationships between media producers and consumers in todays online environment, sometimes their efforts reinforcing each other, other times conflicting with each other. He shows that convergence is driven by corporations (on a top-down level) when media companies are speeding up the flow of information to increase consumer involvement and hence revenues, and also by consumers (on a bottom-up level), who are demanding more and more control over the media content, the right to take part in the creation of it and the ability to access it wherever they go (Jenkins, 2006). Internet has changed the entire PR industry: the way PR professionals view their roles, the delivery of effective communication and the way a brand interacts with its customers (Solis Breakenridge, 2009). Unlike the old, traditional media consumers, the new consumers are active, migratory between different networks or media, socially connected and noisy, and media producers who fail to respond adequately to this new culture may encounter a loss of goodwill and decrease in revenues (Jenkins, 2006). With the democratization of media, monologue becomes dialogue and people are complementing the existence of PR professionals, becoming the main influencers (Breakenridge, 2008). Breakenridge (2008) draws attention on the importance of constant and targeted research during the whole lifecycle of a brand, highlighting the multiple opportunities available in the 2.0 world. Among these, there is the ability to monitor and analyse customer behaviour and determine how well is the brand received in the market. Furthermore, businesses can keep themselves informed and up-to-date on their competitors, but also understand their main influencers, such as the media, using a wide array of research tools available on the Internet, from the free search engines to the paid service providers. The convergence of the Internet and the public relations profession into PR 2.0 opened new doors for business communicators, who can now reach their customers directly, in ways PR pros have not experienced before: through blogs, social networking, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) technology, webcasts or podcasts.

Orphanage

Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing. Children are educated within or outside of the orphanage. Orphanages provide an alternative to foster care or adoption by giving orphans a community-based setting in which they live and learn. [1] In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. [2] An orphanage is sometimes called a group home, children's home, rehabilitation center or youth treatment center. The first orphanages, called â€Å"orphanotrophia,† were founded in the 1st century amid various alternative means of orphan support. Jewish law, for instance, prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says: â€Å"Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still. [3] The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. Many orphanages practiced some form of â€Å"binding-out† in which children, as soon as they were old enough, were given as apprentices to households. This would ensure their support and their learning an occupation. Such practices are assumed to be quite rare in the modern Western world, thanks to improved social security and changed social attitudes, but remain in force in many other countries. Since the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society), the United States and other countries have moved to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Moreover, as it is no longer common for birth parents in Western countries to give up their children, and as far fewer people die of diseases or violence while their children are still young, the need to operate large orphanages has decreased. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European community, and Romania in particular has struggled to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union. In the United States, the largest remaining orphanage is the Bethesda Orphanage, founded in 1740 by George Whitefield. In many works of fiction (notably Oliver Twist and Annie), the administrators of orphanages are depicted as cruel monsters.

Gawain and Beowulf Comparison - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 526 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? Â  In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Green Knight challenges the knights to an exchange of blows with an axe; to which Gawain offers to accept. (Tolkien 33, lines 343-360) The speech he gives, in lines 343-360 offering to take the challenge for Arthur gives insight on his character; it shows he is chivalrous in loyalty and love to the King, brave in accepting the challenge, and humble in claiming he is the least of the knights. (33) Also, Gawain is much beloved by others, who weep for him when he leaves Camelot. (37, lines 672-685) While seeking out the Green Knight, Gawain fights many creatures, animals, and bitter cold. This part of his journey shows in his actions, that Gawain is brave and strong in enduring hardships, and that he is steadfast in God. (38, lines 720-724) Gawain also proves his pure and chaste nature when refusing the advances of the woman of the castle that he stays at. However, his honesty fails when he doesnt tell his host of the green belt he receives from the woman. (study guide, 27) When Gawain faces the Green Knight, his character is again tested. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gawain and Beowulf Comparison" essay for you Create order Despite showing bravery leading up to this point, when the Green Knight swings his axe at Gawain, Gawain flinches. (39, 2268) While these trials show that Gawain is less than the perfect ideal knight that would face his apparent beheading with staunch acceptance, his failures bring out another important aspect of his character. Gawain is vastly ashamed, feeling he has displayed a great act of poltroonery. He swears to wear the belt, that token of the troth-breach for the remainder of this days. ( 40, 2507-2510)Gawain falls short of the perfect, chivalrous knight. But his reaction to his failure proves that he is honest about his failures, that he is yet humble in admitting them. By wearing the belt, his character takes on more depth, proving that where he falls short, he would learn, and strive all the more to meet the model of chivalry. Beowulf is also characterized as a heroic ideal of his time. When Beowulf heard of the monster Grendels attacks, he set out to aid the King Hrothgar. (Sullivan Murphy 7, lines 170-175) Like Gawain, a part of his character is revealed by his words. In lines 365-385 for instance, he tells of his own greatness, his strength, and feats as a warrior. (10) Unlike Gawain, he does not show a modest humility, but rather, he boasts of his deeds to gain fame and glory. (Study guide, 17) Furthermore, Beowulf proves that he is true to his word; when he fights Grendel, he remembers his promise to the king and grabs the monster tighter. Also, similarly to Gawain, Beowulf shows faith and dependence on the power of God; He stated his victory over Grendels mother would not have been had the Lord not looked after his life. (17, lines 1462-1465) And lastly, its not just Beowulf that considers himself great; his companions show admiration for him too. When he dies, for example, they mourn and praise him, calling him great among kings, mild in his mien, most gentle of men, kindest to kinfolk yet keenest for fame. (19, lines 2795-2802)

Clara Barton Civil War Nurse, Red Cross Founder

Known for:Â  Civil War service; founder of American Red Cross Dates:Â  December 25, 1821 - April 12, 1912 (Christmas Day and Good Friday) Occupation:Â  nurse, humanitarian, teacher About Clara Barton: Clara Barton was the youngest of five children in a Massachusetts farming family. She was ten years younger than the next-youngest sibling. As a child, Clara Barton heard stories of wartime from her father, and, for two years, she nursed her brother David through a long illness. At fifteen, Clara Barton began teaching in a school that her parents started to help her learn to transcend her shyness, sensitivity, and hesitation to act. After a few years of teaching in local schools, Clara Barton started a school in North Oxford and served as a school superintendent. She went to study at the Liberal Institute in New York then began teaching in a school in Bordentown, New Jersey. At that school, she convinced the community to make the school free, an unusual practice in New Jersey at that time. The school grew from six to six hundred students, and with this success, it was determined that the school should be headed by a man, not a woman. With this appointment, Clara Barton resigned, after a total of 18 years in teaching. In 1854, her home town Congressman helped her obtain an appointment by Charles Mason, Commissioner of Patents, to work as a copyist in the Patent Office in Washington, DC. She was the first woman in the United States to hold such a government appointment. She copied secret papers during her time in this job. During 1857 to 1860, with an administration that supported slavery, which she opposed, she left Washington, but worked at her copyist job by mail. She returned to Washington after the election of President Lincoln. Civil War Service When the Sixth Massachusetts arrived in Washington, DC, in 1861, the soldiers had lost many of their belongings in a skirmish along the way. Clara Barton began her Civil War service by responding to this situation: she decided to work to provide supplies for the troops, advertising widely and successfully after the battle at Bull Run. She talked the Surgeon-General into letting her personally distribute supplies to wounded and sick soldiers, and she personally cared for some who needed nursing services. By the next year, she had gained the support of generals John Pope and James Wadsworth, and she had traveled with supplies to several battle sites, again also nursing the wounded. She was granted permission to become superintendent of nurses. Through the Civil War, Clara Barton worked without any official supervision and without being part of any organization, including the Army or the Sanitary Commission, though she worked closely with both. She worked mostly in Virginia and Maryland, and occasionally at battles in other states. Her contribution was primarily not as a nurse, though she did nursing as needed when she was present at a hospital or battlefield. She was primarily an organizer of supply delivery, arriving at battlefields and hospitals with wagons of sanitary supplies. She also worked to identify the dead and wounded, so families could know what happened to their loved ones. Though a supporter of the Union, in serving wounded soldiers, she served both sides in providing neutral relief. She became known as the Angel of the Battlefield. After the War When the Civil War ended, Clara Barton went to Georgia to identify the Union soldiers in unmarked graves who had died at the Confederate prison camp, Andersonville. She helped to establish a national cemetery there. She returned to work out of a Washington, DC, office, to identify more of the missing. As head of a missing persons office, established with the support of President Lincoln, she was the first woman bureau head in the United States government. Her 1869 report documented the fate of about 20,000 missing soldiers, about one-tenth the total number of missing or unidentified. Clara Barton lectured widely about her war experience, and, without getting enmeshed in the organization of the womens rights organizations, also spoke for the campaign for woman suffrage (winning the vote for women). American Red Cross Organizer In 1869, Clara Barton traveled to Europe for her health, where she heard for the first time about the Geneva Convention, which had been established in 1866 but which the United States had not signed. This treaty established the International Red Cross, which was also something Barton first heard of when she came to Europe. The Red Cross leadership began talking with Barton about working for support in the US for the Geneva Convention, but instead, Barton became involved with the International Red Cross to deliver sanitary supplies to various venues, including to a freed Paris. Honored for her work by heads of state in Germany and Baden, and ill with rheumatic fever, Clara Barton returned to the United States in 1873. Rev. Henry Bellows of the Sanitary Commission had established an American organization associated with the International Red Cross in 1866, but it had survived only until 1871. After Barton recovered from her illness, she began working for the ratification of the Geneva Convention and establishment of a US Red Cross affiliate. She persuaded President Garfield to support the treaty, and after his assassination, worked with President Arthur for the ratification of the treaty in the Senate, finally winning that approval in 1882. At that point, the American Red Cross was formally established, and Clara Barton became the first president of the organization. She directed the American Red Cross for 23 years, with a brief break in 1883 to act as a womens prison superintendent in Massachusetts. In what has been called the American amendment, the International Red Cross broadened its scope to include relief not just in time of war but in times of epidemic and natural disaster, and the American Red Cross also expanded its mission to do so. Clara Barton traveled to many disaster and war scenes to bring and administer aid, including the Johnstown flood, Galveston tidal wave, Cincinnati flood, Florida yellow fever epidemic, Spanish-American War, and Armenian massacre in Turkey. Though Clara Barton was remarkably successful in using her personal efforts to organize Red Cross campaigns, she was less successful in administering a growing and on-going organization. She often acted without consulting the organizations executive committee. When some in the organization fought against her methods, she fought back, trying to get rid of her opposition. Complaints about financial record-keeping and other conditions reached Congress, which reincorporated the American Red Cross in 1900 and insisted on improved financial procedures. Clara Barton finally resigned as president of the American Red Cross in 1904, and though she considered founding another organization, she retired to Glen Echo, Maryland. There she died on Good Friday, April 12, 1912. Also known as:Â  Clarissa Harlowe Baker Religion:Â  raised in the Universalist church; as an adult, briefly explored Christian Science but did not join Organizations:Â  American Red Cross, International Red Cross, U.S. Patent Office Background, Family Father: Stephen Barton, farmer, selectman, and legislator (Massachusetts)Mother: Sarah (Sally) Stone Bartonfour older siblings: two brothers, two sisters Education Liberal Institute, Clinton, NY (1851) Marriage, Children Clara Barton never married or had children Publications of Clara Barton History of the Red Cross. 1882.Report: Americas Relief Expedition to Asia Minor under the Red Cross. 1896.The Red Cross: A History of This Remarkable International Movement in the Interest of Humanity. 1898.The Red Cross in Peace and War. 1899.Story of My Childhood. 1907. Bibliography - About Clara Barton William Eleazar Barton. Life of Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross. 1922.David H. Burton. Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity. 1995.Percy H. Epler. The Life of Clara Barton. 1915.Stephen B. Oates. A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War.Elizabeth Brown Pryor. Clara Barton: Professional Angel. 1987.Ishbel Ross. Angel of the Battlefield. 1956. For Children and Young Adults Clara Barton Alexander Doll.Rae Bains and Jean Meyer. Clara Barton: Angel of the Battlefield. 1982.Cathy East Dubowski. Clara Barton: Healing the Wounds. 1991/2005.Robert M. Quackenbush. Clara Barton and Her Victory over Fear. 1995.Mary C. Rose. Clara Barton: Soldier of Mercy. 1991.Augusta Stevenson. Clara Barton, Founder of the American Red Cross. 1982.