A Brief Explanation of Evolution

A Brief Explanation of Evolution The hypothesis of advancement is a logical hypothesis that basically expresses that species change after some time. There are a wide range of ways species change, yet the greater part of them can be depicted by the possibility of common choice. The hypothesis of development through regular choice was the main logical hypothesis that set up proof of progress through time just as a component for how it occurs. History of the Theory of Evolution The possibility that qualities are passed down from guardians to posterity has been around since the antiquated Greek logicians time. In the center 1700s, Carolus Linnaeus thought of his ordered naming framework, which gathered like species and suggested there was a developmental association between species inside a similar gathering. The late 1700s saw the primary speculations that species changed after some time. Researchers like the Comte de Buffon and Charles Darwins granddad, Erasmus Darwin, both recommended that species changed after some time, yet neither one of the men could clarify how or why they changed. They additionally stayed quiet about their thoughts because of how dubious the contemplations were contrasted with acknowledged strict perspectives at that point. John Baptiste Lamarck, an understudy of the Comte de Buffon, was the first to openly state species changed after some time. Be that as it may, some portion of his hypothesis was off base. Lamarck recommended that gained qualities were passed down to posterity. Georges Cuvier had the option to demonstrate that piece of the hypothesis inaccurate, yet he additionally had proof that there were once living species that had developed and become wiped out. Cuvier put stock in catastrophism, which means these progressions and annihilations in nature happened abruptly and fiercely. James Hutton and Charles Lyell countered Cuviers contention with the possibility of uniformitarianism. This hypothesis said changes happen gradually and aggregate after some time. Darwin and Natural Selection At times called natural selection, common choice was most broadly clarified by Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species. In the book, Darwin recommended that people with characteristics generally appropriate to their surroundings lived long enough to duplicate and went down those attractive attributes to their posterity. In the event that an individual had not exactly good characteristics, they would kick the bucket and not pass on those qualities. After some time, just the fittest characteristics of the species endure. In the long run, after enough time passed, these little adjustments would indicate make new species. These progressions are correctly what makes us human.â Darwin was by all account not the only individual to concoct this thought around then. Alfred Russel Wallace likewise had proof and reached indistinguishable resolutions from Darwin around a similar time. They teamed up for a brief timeframe and together introduced their discoveries. Outfitted with proof from everywhere throughout the world because of their different ventures, Darwin and Wallace got ideal reactions in mainstream researchers about their thoughts. The organization finished when Darwin distributed his book. One significant piece of the hypothesis of advancement through regular choice is the understanding that people can't advance; they can just adjust to their surroundings. Those adjustments include after some time and, in the long run, the whole species has developed from what it resembled before. This can prompt new species framing and at times termination of more established species. Proof for Evolution There are numerous bits of proof that help the hypothesis of advancement. Darwin depended on the comparative life structures of species to interface them. He additionally had some fossil proof that demonstrated slight changes in the body structure of the species after some time, regularly prompting minimal structures. Obviously, the fossil record is inadequate and has missing connections. With todays innovation, there are numerous different kinds of proof for advancement. This remembers likenesses for the undeveloped organisms of various species, a similar DNA successions found over all species, and a comprehension of how DNA mutationsâ work in microevolution. Increasingly fossil proof has additionally been found since Darwins time, in spite of the fact that there are as yet numerous holes in the fossil record. The Theory of Evolution Controversy Today, the hypothesis of development is frequently depicted in the media as a dubious subject. Primate development and the possibility that people advanced from monkeys has been a significant purpose of grinding among logical and strict networks. Legislators and court choices have discussed whether schools should show development or on the off chance that they ought to likewise show substitute perspectives like savvy structure or creationism. The State of Tennessee v. Extensions, or the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a well known court fight over showing advancement in the study hall. In 1925, a substitute educator named John Scopes was captured for illicitly training advancement in a Tennessee science class. This was the primary significant court fight over development, and it focused on an earlier untouchable subject. The Theory of Evolution in Biology The hypothesis of development is regularly observed as the principle larger topic that ties all subjects of science together. It incorporates hereditary qualities, populace science, life systems and physiology, and embryology, among others. While the hypothesis has itself developed and extended after some time, the standards spread out by Darwin during the 1800s despite everything remain constant today.

The Broken Healthcare System of The United States Essay -- Healthcare

An issue that is broadly examined and discussed concerning the United States’ economy is our social insurance framework. The social insurance framework in the United States isn't open, implying that the states doesn't offer free or moderate medicinal services administration. In Canada, France and Great Britain, for instance, the administration finances human services through assessments. The United States, then again, settled on another course and passed the weight of medicinal services spending on singular customers just as managers and back up plans. In July 2006, the issue was straightforwardness: should the American individuals know the cost of the social insurance administration they use and the outcomes specialists and medical clinics accomplish? The Wall Street Journal article uncovered that â€Å"U.S. emergency clinics, a large portion of them not-for-profit, charged un-guaranteed patients costs that endlessly surpassed those they charged their protected patients. Dri ving their un-safeguarded patients into chapter 11. (p. B1) The most costly social insurance framework on the planet is that of America. I will discuss the medical coverage in U.S., the human services in different nations, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, and my answer for this issue. The United States social insurance is organized seriously. The insurance agencies just post for themselves; they consider ways they can set aside cash not spend it. At the point when you document for medical coverage, organizations will glance through your application and clinical records as though it were a homicide examination. They will attempt to discover any imperfection conceivable in your application to make sure they would not need to take care of for your clinical tab. The health care coverage organizations have a very extensive rundown of ailments you may have that they will deny you for. They will dismiss you if the medical procedure is considered experimental,... ...on, which comprises of not making huge amounts of cash, however in helping individuals battle their medical issues and sparing lives. That is the reason we ought to have an associated/freely subsidized human services framework. To guarantee that everybody gets the best possible clinical consideration, no all the more denying individuals since they don't have protection. Works Cited Herzlinger, Regina. Who Killed Health Care? America’s $2 Trillion Medical Problem And The Consumer-Driven Cure. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print. Lucette, Lagnado. â€Å"Anatomy of a Hospital Bill,† Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2004, p.B1. Print. Moore, Michael, narr. Sicko. Merciless Films Weinstein Company, 2007. DVD. Palmer, Donald. â€Å"Utilitarianism,† Does the Center Hold? An Introduction to Western Philosophy. fifth ed. 264-271. Print. Unkown. â€Å"American Medical Association,† The New York Times, June 15, 2009, p.2. Print.

The Psychology and Methods of Learning

The Psychology and Methods of Learning Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Understanding the Psychology of Learning The Psychology of How We Learn By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 07, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology From the day we are born, we begin a process of learning that lasts throughout life. While there are many ways to define and describe learning, it is typically defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. Lets explore several different theories of learning. The Power of Associations Youve probably heard of Pavlovs dogs at some point, but many people dont fully understand exactly what this famous research illustrates. Classical conditioning is one of the best-known concepts of behavioral learning theory. In order to understand how people learn, you first need to start by discovering the powerful role that associations can play in the learning process. Discover  more about this process in this introduction to classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning Basics Now that you understand how classical conditioning works, it is also important to understand some of the basic phenomena that also occur during this process. Learn more about acquisition, extinction, and discrimination in this overview of principles of classical conditioning. The Consequences of Behavior Clearly, learning involves a lot more than just learning associations. Direct experience with your environment that results in desirable outcomes or negative outcomes can also shape how and what people learn. Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology. This type of learning involves using reinforcement and punishment to either increase or decrease behaviors. Learn more about the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior in this overview of operant conditioning. How Timing Impacts Learning The types of reinforcement use are important, but timing also plays a critical role in how quickly new behaviors are acquired and how strong these new responses are. If you are rewarded for an action so long after it occurred that you are unable to form an association between the two events, for example, then it is unlikely that learning will occur. Learn more about how the timing of reinforcement impacts the speed and strength of responses in this article on schedules of reinforcement. Classical Versus Operant Conditioning Now that weve explored classical conditioning and operant conditioning, do you think you could immediately identify which is which? This can often be a confusing area for many students, but a few basic pointers can help you keep the two processes straight. In a classroom setting, chances are good that your instructor will provide some examples of learning and expect you to identify which type of conditioning is used. Read the following article to learn more about the major differences between classical and operant conditioning. Learning Through Observation You  may have already guessed, but learning does not necessarily require that we personally experience an event or outcome. In some cases, simply watching other people can lead to learning. Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning. As you can imagine, a great deal of learning takes place simply by watching the people around us. Learn more about the basic concepts and how the process works by diving into observational learning theory. How Does Observational Learning Actually Work?

Social Penetration Theory Arizona Sate University

Social Penetration Theory Conner Farquharson Arizona Sate University For a young child, telling a secret to the person he or she likes is a big deal. But the secrets that are told are minor, probably about a favorite item or candy. Not knowing at the time but social penetration theory is going on. Information about oneself is communicated to friends, loved ones, and acquaintances on a daily basis, sometimes without knowing we are revealing personal information. As we get older we knowingly reveal information to a person that we have a connection with. Social Penetration Theory is, â€Å"The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability† (Griffin, Ledbetter, Sparks, 2015). The closer we are to an individual the more information we reveal, the greater the bond becomes. This theory is important to understand because it sets the framework for how we reveal ourselves to others and helps set up other communication theories. In the next sections we will take a closer look into the theoretical overview on social penetration theory and also, discuss the synthesis of scholarship. Theoretical Overview Social penetration theory is an objective paradigm and comes from a socio-psychological tradition. The epistemological approach is used to understand the nature/method of social penetration theory. An onion can help explain social penetration theory. Griffin et al. explains this as a

Pros And Cons Of The Patriot Act - 1354 Words

The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) is one of the most controversial pieces of legislation to ever pass through the US Senate. Its critics use fear mongering tactics to scare people into opposition of an intrusive police state which they believe is inevitable given the government’s new powers. They consider the Act an assault on civil liberties and an invasion of the privacy of innocent American citizens. Yet the real issue is not that the government now has new powers, it’s that the American people do not trust our intelligence agencies to handle these new powers properly while still respecting their rights. The main criticisms of the†¦show more content†¦He called this collection a â€Å"logical program† (qtd. In Isikoff), although when pressed for any examples of this database being used to stop terror attacks, Stone replied simply, â€Å"We found none .† The thing about the Patriot Act that is truly terrifying, is â€Å"the lack of government candor in describing its implementation† (Lithwick and Turner). This means that the American people don’t trust their government to use their powers as the people were told they would be. While many claim that the Patriot Act is an attack on Americans’ civil liberties, there is a strong case for the Act and the changes it brings. An article published in the Washington Post looks at the claims made by the ACLU and systematically pokes gaping holes in them. For one, the claim that NSLs can be issued without a judge’s approval is only partially true. While a normal search warrant is issued to law enforcement by a civilian judge, â€Å"the FBI can do nothing under Section 215 without the approval of a federal court.†(Mac Donald, In Defense). The idea of a federal judge issuing an NSL to spy on someone who â€Å"wrote a letter to the editor that criticize d government policy(Mac Donald, In Defense) as the ACLU claims, is inconceivable. Another critique made by the ACLU is against the Act’s â€Å"Sneak and Peek† provision. While described as a blatant power grab by the government, there is a long precedent for the delay of notice regarding a search warrant. Especially when such aShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of The Patriot Act1304 Words   |  6 Pageson September 11th.The USA patriot act came into effect in order to safeguard the nation from the possible terrorist activities after the dreadful that dreadful day. The USA Patriot act allowed for the various security officers to search homes or business enterprises of any suspect without the owner’s consent, and also allows the FBI to wiretap and have access to certain financial information without the individuals consent. There has been a lot of controversy over the act, because some say it is aRead MorePros And Cons Of The Patriot Act1875 Words   |  8 Pagesth is essay I will discuss the pros and the cons of the Patriot Act, how it affected the lives of US citizens and the world, and whether or not it fits within our democratic form of government. The Patriot Act was a rapidly drafted and approved Act of Congress which was intended to increase the security of US citizens by combatting terrorism. Although granting increased security to an extent, the Act was and still is extremely controversial due to certain parts of the Act limiting the freedoms of AmericanRead MorePros and Cons on the Patriot Act Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesUSA Patriot Act This Act may be cited as the Uniting and Strengthening America Act by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism. President Bush signed the Patriot Act on October 29, 2001. It passed and with no debate voted on; many members of congress did not fully read the act. Due to the anthrax scare many Congressman did not have access to their offices. Attorney General John Ashcroft silenced any debate by warning that anyone who contested the Act would beRead MoreThe Patriot Act; Agree of Disagree877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Patriot Act: Agree or Disagree Amanda Collier ENG/215 August 27, 2012 Bruce Massis The Patriot Act: Agree or Disagree President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001 The USA PATRIOT Act. The title of the Act is a letter acronym: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (PUBLIC LAW 107–56—OCT. 26, 2001) This Act was written to prevent and punish terrorist acts here in the United States as wellRead MoreWhere Do You Stand on the Usa Patriot Act?1068 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica s core freedoms. Congress passed the USA Patriot Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) in 2001 just weeks after the attacks, with the intention of helping law enforcement act more effectively in investigating potential terrorists. However, this act may do more harm than good. Some groups, such as the American Library Association, state that the act infringes on Fourth Amendment rights guaranteed to us inRead MoreMinorities and Women in Criminal Justice1064 Words   |  5 PagesStates. Sexism against women is shown in the media and indicates that sexism still pervades in our society. Another key issue is the overrepresentation and disparities among minorities in the criminal justice system. After the act of September 11, racial profiling and other acts of racial hate crimes suggests that racism occurs. Another key issue that indicates that racial disparities occur in the criminal justice system is the overrepresentation of minorities in the Juvenile Justice system. Read MoreThe United States Patriot Act1533 Words   |  7 PagesKaylyn Dailey 11/27/16 Professor Carter American Gov. Term Paper Patriot Act On September 11, 2001, the Unites States suffered massive destruction caused by terrorism. Four planes were hijacked by terrorist. Nearly, three thousand lives were lost when two planes crashed into the World Trade Towers, one crashed into the Pentagon, and the final plane crashed in Pennsylvania before it could reach its final destination. An immense fear spread across the country and out of this fear came the UnitingRead MoreGrand Canyon Jus 505 All Week Discussions - Latest 2015748 Words   |  3 Pageswhether the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 after a 4-year hiatus did or did not result in an empirically verified deterrent. Explain if you are in favor of or against the death penalty. Support your position What would be the pros and cons of abolishing the death penalty? Support your answer with specifics. week 6 Does parens patriae truly still exist under the current U.S. juvenile justice system? Explain why you feel the way you do. Give examples to support your claims. Read MoreTechnology Has Become An Important Factor For Day1903 Words   |  8 Pagesthe government invading that bubble of personal space. The Patriot Act legalized mass surveillance in America in 2002. The Act was passed by President W. Bush, and remains a relevant controversial topic. The government s point of view of the Act is, â€Å"The Patriot Act allows investigators to use the tools that were already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking, according to the government’s justice website. The Act was passed a month and a half after the devastating 9/11 terroristRead MoreTaking a Look at Government Surveillance2224 Words   |  9 Pagesrepeal The Olmstead v. United States in Katz v. United States were the court considered that any possessions of that person is now off limits, even calls or messages unless they have a warrant. Which in 1968, The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets act was passed by congress that restricts wiretapping, adding an exception to that rule if the president orders it and if it is to protect America. 1972, President Nixon gets caught for his involvement with the Watergate scandal, and was the first president

Tattoos in Todays Society Free Essays

Tattoos In Today’s Society Preparation Outline: Informative Speech on Tattoos in today’s society. Specific Purpose: The purpose of my speech is to inform my college speech class about the stigmas, obsessions, and acceptance of tattoos in today’s society. Thesis: After listening to my speech, each person in my audience should be informed about how tattoos have taken on a different meaning from previous generations and are becoming more accepted in today’s society. We will write a custom essay sample on Tattoos in Todays Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction I. People with tattoos come from many different culture backgrounds. I personally have tattoos and find it to be an art. In addition to having tattoos, I researched this topic extensively by consulting sources such as The Journal of American Culture, StatisticBrain. com, and The Journal of Popular Culture. II. Tattoos are no longer the purview of bikers, punks, and thugs, tattooing is increasingly practiced and appreciated by mainstream, middle class individuals. III. Tattoos are a form of art that allows individuals to express themselves in ways other than using words. The media has played a big part in why tattoos are more accepted today then 10-15 years ago. Transition: Let’s start with the stigma associated with tattoos. Body I. Even though not nearly as bad as previous generations, having a tattoo does come with stigmas. A. Religious groups, cults, and gangs have tattoos as a symbol of their dedication to one’s specific group or belief. B. It’s believed if you have tattoos you are rebellious and are more likely to experiment with drugs and alcohol at a younger age. C. Individuals with tattoos are associated with having mental issues and damaged egos, who engage in deviant behavior. Transition: Now that I have told you about the stigmas that go along with having a tattoo, lets discuss the obsessions with tattoos. II. Despite the fact that millions of individuals have tattoos, not all bodies are equal in American culture. There is indeed, a difference between people who have tattoos and the tattooed people. (Bell 55-56) It’s a collection of art on ones body. A. A person’s first tattoo is the start of their collection. It can be compared to a drug, an instant addition. B. Tattooed people say by getting tattoos it allows them to express themselves though body art. C. Tattoos have meaning, some spiritual, some sentimental and some just express their personality in the form of art. It can be explained as a montage of one’s life. Transition: Now that I’ve told you about stigmas and obsessions associated with tattoos, now lets discuss the acceptance of tattoos in today’s society. III. America has become a tattooed nation. A. 45 million Americans have tattoos. B. The annual amount of US spending on tattoos is $1. 65 billion a year. C. Everywhere you turn you are hearing or seeing tattoos in television, magazines, movies, actors, models, musicians, and idolized athletes. In conclusion, today we have discussed the stigmas, the obsessions, and the acceptance of tattoos in today’s society. Conclusion Although there are still stigmas associated with tattoos, with the help of media and Hollywood, there are still individuals who find comfort in being able to express themselves through body art. References . Tattoo Statistics. Pew Research Center, Tattoo Finder, Vanishing Tattoo, 23 Jul 2012. Web. 24 Feb 2013. . John Roberts, Derek. â€Å"Secret Ink: Tattoo’s Place In Contemporary American Culture. † Journal Of American Culture 35. 2 (2012): 153-165. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Koust, Mary. â€Å"An Ironic Fad: The Commodification And Consumption Of Tattoos. † Journal Of Popular Culture 39. 6 (2006): 1035-1048. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Bell, Shannon. â€Å"Tattooed: A Participant Observer’s Exploration of Meaning. † Journal of American Culture 22. 2 (1999): 53–58. Print. How to cite Tattoos in Todays Society, Essay examples

X Barbiturate use in the pre

X Barbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period Essay xBarbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period was such that, in the United Statesalone, production of these drugs reached, in 1955, the quantity necessary for the treatment of 10 million people throughout an entire year (Lopez-Munoz,Ucha-Udabe, and Alamo 336).While Bradburys novel was being written, the Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951) to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) divided medicines into two categoriesas a reaction to this problem: prescription and over-the-counter.By 1952 and 1956, the Narcotics Expert Committee of the WorldHealthOrganizationrecommended that barbiturates should only be available on prescription.The novelssalient overdose episode argues thatsedative abuse is the individuals response to a culture hostile to memory and the cultivation of thought. Cultural hostility to critical thought is revealed by structures of formal education. Schooling isan hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or p ainting pictureswe never ask questionsthey just run the answers at you,bing,bing,bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film-teacher.Thats not social to me at all(37).Schools of the future exploit the televisionseffect ofquick and wide spreading of current and often emotionally charged information which is designed and destined to be forgotten at the instant of its reception (Mockel-Rieke9).History, thecurriculumslaudatortemporisacte, is reduced torote transcription, areductioadabsurdam, a simulation of memory.As a curricular subject, Historythe narrative of actual events and speculation about their causes, derived from meditative acts of reading andquestioningother representations of the past, and composing new materialabouteventsis purposelyrendered impotent. We will write a custom essay on X Barbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Facilities Management Case Study Essay Example

Facilities Management Case Study Essay Example Facilities Management Case Study Essay Facilities Management Case Study Essay Biotech Case Study: Implementing Predictive Maintenance for Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers Submitted By: Regina Gracia E. Sandoval Carolyn Pulanco Glaiza Bustria Joyce Domingo Jeralyn Barrios Arabelle Loresto OM4A RND Biotech Case Study: Implementing Predictive Maintenance for Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers October 2008 CHALLENGE: * RND Biotech operates 300 ultra-low freezers (-80 °C) that frequently fail, even though maintenance activities are performed on a quarterly basis. RND Biotech is currently replacing freezers as they fail, rather than trying to repair them, to keep up with the required freezer capacity. * When freezers fail, RND Biotech potentially loses product development samples that represent months of research. * RND Biotech would like to implement a predictive maintenance strategy and continuously monitor freezer function, which they believe will improve uptime, and free up skilled labor for other tasks. * However, they have not found a comprehensive method that is cost-efficient and non-invasive to implement a predictive maintenance strategy. Most alternatives only monitor freezer temperature which is not enough for predictive monitoring. SOLUTION: RND Biotech installed a new automation technology which did not incur any disruption to ongoing processes and required minimal installation cost. The solution, a non-invasive wireless sensor system, allowed RND Biotech to monitor multiple freezer data points, including chamber temperature and compressor amperage. RESULTS: * RND Biotech immediately found distressed freezers and were able to prevent failures. The freezers were able to be repaired, as opposed to replaced, saving approximately $7,000 per freezer. RND Biotech is now able to implement a predictive maintenance strategy for their freezers. Challenge RND Biotech is a biotechnology research and development company. The company has 300 ultra-low freezers (-80 °C), used to store research samples. These freezers are critical to RND Biotech because the samples stored in them represent ongoing research that comprises the co mpany’s product pipeline. Failures of these freezers could potentially result in a loss of years’ worth of research for new products that could be worth billions of dollars in revenue. The facilities group reports that it spends a significant amount of time addressing freezer failures. Records show that approximately twenty work orders per month are freezer related. Additionally, researchers complain that frequent freezer failures impact their ability to focus on their research. When a freezer fails, researchers have to scramble to find space in other freezers to store samples. If the failure occurs during non-working hours, both facilities and research personnel have to come to the facility in order to address the failure. If the failure is not addressed in time, the freezer contents critical research samples or products are lost. The empty freezers have to be defrosted and decontaminated before they can be moved to the maintenance area for troubleshooting and repairs. This process alone can take up to a week. Failures have occurred frequently enough that it is now more convenient for RND Biotech to simply replace the freezers as opposed to repairing them, even though it is not a cost efficient solution. The primary failure mode on ultra-low freezers is at the compressors. The ultra-low freezers each have two compressors. Failure of either compressor directly impacts the freezer’s ability to maintain temperature. Simply monitoring the temperature of the freezer is not enough to preventatively catch failures. By the time the temperature rises, everyone has to react to the impending failure as opposed to preventing it. The primary function of the preventative maintenance procedures is to ensure that the compressors are functioning efficiently. To accomplish this, specific maintenance activities include: * measuring compressor amperage on a quarterly basis to ensure that the compressors are operating within specification and are not overworked * de-icing the door gasket on a quarterly basis so that the freezer chamber is properly sealed * maintaining the filters on a semi-annual basis so that proper air flow and temperature is achieved around the compressors * defrosting and de-icing the freezer on an annual basis to prevent ice buildup in the freezer chamber Even with such rigorous maintenance of the ultra-low freezers, there are still a significant number of failures occurring and disrupting operations. The facilities group is looking for a way to be able to detect potential problems with freezers before they fail so that the impact on operations is minimized. Implementing Predictive Maintenance RND Biotech would like to implement a predictive maintenance strategy for their ultra-low freezers. Their goal is to get ahead of their failures and maximize equipment uptime. In order to accomplish this, the facilities group would need to be able to monitor the freezer compressors on a frequent and regular basis, in order to observe the normal mode of operation of the freezers. Current preventative maintenance procedures only allow facilities to take a snapshot of compressor operation at the time the maintenance is performed. The Cypress Solution Cypress Systems offers a Wireless Freezer Monitor (WFM) designed to check the overall health of the freezers. This battery operated device can be installed on a freezer to monitor compressor amperage and freezer temperature on pre-defined intervals. The data is wirelessly transmitted back to the Cypress server, where it can be trended via a web interface. Wireless data collection allows the freezers to be moved if needed without reinstalling hard-wired sensors. The battery operated device eliminates the need to have additional power available for monitoring tools. Results RND Biotech tested the Cypress wireless freezer monitor solution and installed WFMs on a pilot of twenty freezers, at a cost of $2000 per freezer. At the onset of the project, the expectation was that 10% of the freezers were not performing optimally. RND Biotech immediately found 20%, or four, of their freezers that were now monitored were not functioning optimally. Problems they saw included compressors not cycling off or compressors cycling on and off too frequently. Both situations indicated that the freezers were working harder than they should and needed to be repaired. All four freezers were all eventually repaired rather than replaced. The replacement cost per freezer would have been $12,000. The repair cost was approximately $5,000 per freezer. RND Biotech was able to save $28,000. Additionally, if a researcher had to reproduce lost samples, it could potentially cost $7,000 or more in labor and material costs. The initial investment in the Cypress solution for the twenty freezers was $40,000. The financial payback was under two years. RND Biotech was greatly impressed with the ability they gained to coordinate the repair activities without having to scramble. Value of Predictive Maintenance for Freezers The immediate benefit of the Cypress Wireless Freezer Monitor system was that the facilities group could plan their repair activities with research, rather than have to scramble to find freezer space for their samples. They were able to prioritize which freezers were more critical to address. Financially, the project had an immediate payback, based on the number of freezers that were in distress and the new capability for RND Biotech to coordinate repairing their freezers before they fail as opposed to purchasing new ones. The value that they see includes: reducing the frequency of freezer failures nd emergency response situations mitigating the risk of loss in RND Biotech’s product pipeline troubleshooting freezer work orders more easily by viewing amperage and temperature trends and even reducing the number of work orders submitted for freezer problems minimizing required maintenance activities, reducing maintenance time having the ability to plan maintenance and repair acti vities around research activities becoming more â€Å"green† by replacing fewer freezers saving energy by repairing compressors as soon as problems becomes evident, rather than only observing problems during maintenance or when failures occur Based on these overall benefits and proven utility, RND Biotech now plans to install the Cypress wireless freezer monitors on all their ultra-low freezers.

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass - Conflict: The Battle of Glorieta Pass occurred during the American Civil War. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Dates: Union and Confederate forces clashed at Glorieta Pass on March 26-28, 1862. Armies Commanders: Union Colonel John P. SloughMajor John Chivington1,300 men Confederates Major Charles L. PyronLt. Colonel William R. Scurry1,100 men Battle of Glorieta Pass - Background: In early 1862, Confederate forces under Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley began pushing west from Texas into the New Mexico Territory. His goal was to occupy the Santa Fe Trail as far north as Colorado with the intention of opening a line of communication with California. Advancing west, Sibley initially sought to capture Fort Craig near the Rio Grande. On February 20-21, he defeated a Union force under Colonel Edward Canby at the Battle of Valverde. Retreating, Canbys force took refuge at Fort Craig. Electing not to attack the fortified Union troops, Sibley pressed on leaving them in his rear. Moving up the Rio Grande Valley, he established his headquarters at Albuquerque. Sending his forces forward, they occupied Santa Fe on March 10. Shortly thereafter, Sibley pushed an advance force of between 200 and 300 Texans, under Major Charles L. Pyron, over the Glorieta Pass at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The capture of the pass would allow Sibley to advance and capture Fort Union, a key base along the Santa Fe Trail. Camping at Apache Canyon in Glorieta Pass, Pyrons men were attacked on March 26 by 418 Union soldiers led by Major John M. Chivington. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Chivington Attacks: Assaulting Pyrons line, Chivingtons initial attack was beaten back by Confederate artillery. He then split his force and two and repeatedly flanked Pyrons men forcing them to retreat twice. As Pyron fell back a second time, Chivingtons cavalry swept in and captured the Confederate rearguard. Consolidating his forces, Chivington went into camp at Kozlowskis Ranch. On the following day the battlefield was quiet as both sides were reinforced. Pyron was augmented by 800 men led by Lieutenant Colonel William R. Scurry, bringing Confederate strength to around 1,100 men. On the Union side, Chivington was reinforced by 900 men from Fort Union under the command of Colonel John P. Slough. Assessing the situation, Slough planned to attack the Confederates the next day. Chivington was given orders to take his men in a circling movement with the goal of striking the Confederate flank as Slough engaged their front. In the Confederate camp, Scurry also planned an advance with the goal of attacking at the Union troops in the pass. On the morning of March 28, both sides moved into Glorieta Pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - A Close Fight: Seeing the Union troops moving towards his men, Scurry formed a line of battle and prepared to receive Sloughs attack. Surprised to find the Confederates in an advanced position, Slough realized that Chivington would not be able to assist in the assault as planned. Moving forward, Sloughs men struck at Scurrys line around 11:00 AM. In the battle that followed, both sides repeatedly attacked and counterattacked, with Scurrys men getting the better of the fighting. Unlike the rigid formations used in the East, the fighting in Glorieta Pass tended to be focused on small unit actions due to the broken terrain. After forcing Sloughs men to fall back to Pigeon Ranch, and then Kozlowskis Ranch, Scurry broke off the fighting happy to have achieved a tactical victory. While the battle was raging between Slough and Scurry, Chivingtons scouts succeeded in locating the Confederate supply train. Out of position to assist in Sloughs attack, Chivington elected not to rush to the sound of the guns, but rather advanced and captured the Confederate supplies after a brief skirmish at Johnsons Ranch. With the loss of the supply train, Scurry was forced to withdraw despite having won a victory in the pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Aftermath: Union casualties at the Battle of Glorieta Pass numbered 51 killed, 78 wounded, and 15 captured. Confederate forces suffered 48 killed, 80 wounded, and 92 captured. While a tactical Confederate victory, the Battle of Glorieta Pass proved to be a key strategic win for the Union. Due to the loss of his supply train, Sibley was forced to withdraw back to Texas, ultimately arriving at San Antonio. The defeat of Sibleys New Mexico Campaign effectively ended Confederate designs on the Southwest and the area remained in Union hands for the duration of the war. Due to the decisive nature of the battle, it is sometimes referred to as the Gettysburg of the West. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Glorieta PassBattle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered DreamPhotographs of Glorieta Pass

Novel Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Novel Response - Essay Example However, somehow despite the hostile environment and state, immediate sense of awe and wonder that is evoked is felt.  The members come to realize that they play a vital role individually and corporately to return the land. P. 72  "Shall we head up further for him, to the crags? Theres an Ogre or two and could introduce a Hag to it, up there." "Certainly not," said Caspian. "I should think not, indeed," said Truffle-hunter. "The same variety needs nothing on the minor." Besides the appropriate requirements. The imagination of the sense of unity and responsibility drives them to stand up for change in something real. P. 187 â€Å"However, the new bout went well. The shield may have certainly been used well by Peter and make use his feet skillfully. He almost played Tig with Miraz; shifting his ground to keep out of range, making the enemy work.† It is all about taking steps driven by the desire for change in order to attain the destroyed glory. (Lewis) The main conflict in the book is leadership tussle between a prince who is fighting for his crown and a false king who has taken the mantle. The prince was dethroned because he was young. Therefore, he was seen as not capable of leading. It narrows down to a battle of only two men who are to determine the fate of the entire world. This conflict is an external conflict that later involves all the members of the land. The conflict is resolved through battle and unity amongst the members of the land ending up in victory. The most favorable part is when Miraz is challenged by Peter to a High King duel. Peter become victorious as Miraz had tripped over a tussock and could never get up. Lord Glozelle whom he had earlier insulted in revenge killed him. The Narnians did the consequent battle with the help of Aslan. Finally Caspian is crowned as King of Narnia by Aslan, and this resulted to the door opening at the edge of the cliff. Telmarines who had gathered were give an option to choose to

Homosexuality and LGBT rights in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homosexuality and LGBT rights in Vietnam - Essay Example The country hosts highly talented people belonging to a variety of professions including artists, scientists, lawyers, and economists. Still, the discrimination of the society toward the LGBT community in general is overt. Vietnam is just another country among a range of conservative countries in which homosexuality is perceived as a taboo. While people hold different views about it, the view against homosexuality is carried by a vast majority of people in the society. Although a Google search over the keywords â€Å"Dong tinh† leads an individual to more than 250 million links in a fraction of a second, yet most of the links reveal the negative stance of the society of Vietnam over the topic of homosexuality. Most people in Vietnam express curiosity and distress over the topic, and articles citing cases of discrimination against the homosexuals in different ways can be readily found. However, the situation has started to change recently in favor of the LGBT community in Vietn am, even though the country has to go a long way before equality of rights of the LGBT community can be established. A major hurdle in the way of social acceptance of the LGBT community in Vietnam is certain misunderstandings. At a conference organized for gay-rights, Le Quang Binh, the think-tank leader mentioned that while 57 per cent of the Vietnamese thought of homosexuality as a social fad, 48 per cent of them thought that it was a curable condition. Nguyen Thanh Tam, the Viet Pride founder recalled the curiosity shown by people to see the rainbow flags at the last year’s event in these words, â€Å"People were running up to us asking why we were carrying rainbow flags. They wanted to know what product we were marketing† (Tam cited in Phillips). According to the LGBT activist Tam, life for the lesbians is made particularly complicated by the police as the police hauls them in for questioning on charges that while their gender is mentioned as female on their identity cards, they look like boys to the cops. A major barrier in the way of the LGBT movement is social conformity. Peopl e belonging to the minority are understood by others with difficulty since people tend to follow the norm that being different is bad. Rights of the LGBT community in Vietnam is a pleasant outlier among the human-rights statistics’ bleak set. The police has arrested many dissident bloggers in 2013 whereas the total number of political prisoners in detention in Vietnam surpasses 150 (Phillips). The case of Dieu Cay, the campaigning journalist is one of the most high-profile cases in Vietnam. â€Å"Suffering a raft of serious health problems that require round-the-clock care, the activist is serving a 12-year sentence for â€Å"disseminating antistate information and materials,† and on June 22, embarked on an ongoing hunger strike to protest his treatment† (Phillips). Same-sex couples in Vietnam have been fined for many decades for holding the relationship ceremonies in the past. Contrary to the decades-long history of anti-gay sentiment in Vietnam, circumstances have started to change in favor of the LGBT community as a result of alteration in the laws. Gay and lesbian couples are likely to soon be allowed to conduct ceremonies of relationship in Vietnam. Lawmakers in Vietnam have started to conduct a debate regarding the hope of the advocates of gay rights and their allies that Vietnam might permit same-sex marriages in near future. Of late, the National Assembly of Vietnam has scheduled the commencement of a debate regarding amendment of the Law of Marriage and the Family which would, in effect, annul the ban placed over same-sex marriage, though the law would not allow

The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay

The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay More than half of the worlds population is under 30-years-old and only 4 of them have not joined a social network yet. It took 38 years for Radio to reach 50 million users and 13 years for TV. Facebook reported a rise of 200 million users in less than a year (Social Media Revolution, 2010). 48 hours of video will be uploaded to Youtube in the next two minutes (Youtube Fact Sheet, 2010). Media consumption takes up almost a half of an average individuals time and, although live TV remains the favourite channel in most peoples media diets, new medias popularity is growing at an incredible rate (Ofcom, 2010). One quarter of the search results for the worlds largest brands are links to user-generated content and 78 of consumers trust the online peer reviews recommendations of a product or service (Qualman, 2010). In this context, it is no longer a choice, but a necessity, for PR professionals today to consider the numerous Web 2.0 tools and technologies and redesign their communication strategies around customers social activity. In order to adapt to the current media trends, most newspapers today are developing blogs, uploading video content to their website, offer e-newsletter subscription and so on. This may indicate that the channel is not as important to the media consumer as the content is. The combination between the old media of broadcasting and newspapers and the new one, of data communications, delivered on a single device, is referred to, by most analysts, as media convergence. A recent example of old-new media convergence is represented by the merger between the US magazine Newsweek and the news and blogs website The Daily Beast into a new entity named The Newsweek Daily Beast(Media Week, 2010). In his book Convergence culture: where old and new media collide Jenkins (2006:2) uses three different concepts media convergence, participatory culture, and collective intelligence to describe the convergence culture; in other words, it is the flow of information across a myriad of media industries, the collaboration between these media and the nomadic behaviour of media consumers in search of their desired kinds of entertainment, that define the term of convergence culture. The author implies that convergence is not just a technological concept, unifying various media in a single device, but a cultural and social one, encouraging consumers to act as communities, rather than individuals. Jenkins (2006) states that convergence culture impacts both the way media is produced and the way it is consumed, highlighting the changing relationships between media producers and consumers in todays online environment, sometimes their efforts reinforcing each other, other times conflicting with each other. He shows that convergence is driven by corporations (on a top-down level) when media companies are speeding up the flow of information to increase consumer involvement and hence revenues, and also by consumers (on a bottom-up level), who are demanding more and more control over the media content, the right to take part in the creation of it and the ability to access it wherever they go (Jenkins, 2006). Internet has changed the entire PR industry: the way PR professionals view their roles, the delivery of effective communication and the way a brand interacts with its customers (Solis Breakenridge, 2009). Unlike the old, traditional media consumers, the new consumers are active, migratory between different networks or media, socially connected and noisy, and media producers who fail to respond adequately to this new culture may encounter a loss of goodwill and decrease in revenues (Jenkins, 2006). With the democratization of media, monologue becomes dialogue and people are complementing the existence of PR professionals, becoming the main influencers (Breakenridge, 2008). Breakenridge (2008) draws attention on the importance of constant and targeted research during the whole lifecycle of a brand, highlighting the multiple opportunities available in the 2.0 world. Among these, there is the ability to monitor and analyse customer behaviour and determine how well is the brand received in the market. Furthermore, businesses can keep themselves informed and up-to-date on their competitors, but also understand their main influencers, such as the media, using a wide array of research tools available on the Internet, from the free search engines to the paid service providers. The convergence of the Internet and the public relations profession into PR 2.0 opened new doors for business communicators, who can now reach their customers directly, in ways PR pros have not experienced before: through blogs, social networking, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) technology, webcasts or podcasts.

Orphanage

Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing. Children are educated within or outside of the orphanage. Orphanages provide an alternative to foster care or adoption by giving orphans a community-based setting in which they live and learn. [1] In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. [2] An orphanage is sometimes called a group home, children's home, rehabilitation center or youth treatment center. The first orphanages, called â€Å"orphanotrophia,† were founded in the 1st century amid various alternative means of orphan support. Jewish law, for instance, prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says: â€Å"Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still. [3] The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. Many orphanages practiced some form of â€Å"binding-out† in which children, as soon as they were old enough, were given as apprentices to households. This would ensure their support and their learning an occupation. Such practices are assumed to be quite rare in the modern Western world, thanks to improved social security and changed social attitudes, but remain in force in many other countries. Since the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society), the United States and other countries have moved to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Moreover, as it is no longer common for birth parents in Western countries to give up their children, and as far fewer people die of diseases or violence while their children are still young, the need to operate large orphanages has decreased. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European community, and Romania in particular has struggled to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union. In the United States, the largest remaining orphanage is the Bethesda Orphanage, founded in 1740 by George Whitefield. In many works of fiction (notably Oliver Twist and Annie), the administrators of orphanages are depicted as cruel monsters.

Gawain and Beowulf Comparison - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 526 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? Â  In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Green Knight challenges the knights to an exchange of blows with an axe; to which Gawain offers to accept. (Tolkien 33, lines 343-360) The speech he gives, in lines 343-360 offering to take the challenge for Arthur gives insight on his character; it shows he is chivalrous in loyalty and love to the King, brave in accepting the challenge, and humble in claiming he is the least of the knights. (33) Also, Gawain is much beloved by others, who weep for him when he leaves Camelot. (37, lines 672-685) While seeking out the Green Knight, Gawain fights many creatures, animals, and bitter cold. This part of his journey shows in his actions, that Gawain is brave and strong in enduring hardships, and that he is steadfast in God. (38, lines 720-724) Gawain also proves his pure and chaste nature when refusing the advances of the woman of the castle that he stays at. However, his honesty fails when he doesnt tell his host of the green belt he receives from the woman. (study guide, 27) When Gawain faces the Green Knight, his character is again tested. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gawain and Beowulf Comparison" essay for you Create order Despite showing bravery leading up to this point, when the Green Knight swings his axe at Gawain, Gawain flinches. (39, 2268) While these trials show that Gawain is less than the perfect ideal knight that would face his apparent beheading with staunch acceptance, his failures bring out another important aspect of his character. Gawain is vastly ashamed, feeling he has displayed a great act of poltroonery. He swears to wear the belt, that token of the troth-breach for the remainder of this days. ( 40, 2507-2510)Gawain falls short of the perfect, chivalrous knight. But his reaction to his failure proves that he is honest about his failures, that he is yet humble in admitting them. By wearing the belt, his character takes on more depth, proving that where he falls short, he would learn, and strive all the more to meet the model of chivalry. Beowulf is also characterized as a heroic ideal of his time. When Beowulf heard of the monster Grendels attacks, he set out to aid the King Hrothgar. (Sullivan Murphy 7, lines 170-175) Like Gawain, a part of his character is revealed by his words. In lines 365-385 for instance, he tells of his own greatness, his strength, and feats as a warrior. (10) Unlike Gawain, he does not show a modest humility, but rather, he boasts of his deeds to gain fame and glory. (Study guide, 17) Furthermore, Beowulf proves that he is true to his word; when he fights Grendel, he remembers his promise to the king and grabs the monster tighter. Also, similarly to Gawain, Beowulf shows faith and dependence on the power of God; He stated his victory over Grendels mother would not have been had the Lord not looked after his life. (17, lines 1462-1465) And lastly, its not just Beowulf that considers himself great; his companions show admiration for him too. When he dies, for example, they mourn and praise him, calling him great among kings, mild in his mien, most gentle of men, kindest to kinfolk yet keenest for fame. (19, lines 2795-2802)

Clara Barton Civil War Nurse, Red Cross Founder

Known for:Â  Civil War service; founder of American Red Cross Dates:Â  December 25, 1821 - April 12, 1912 (Christmas Day and Good Friday) Occupation:Â  nurse, humanitarian, teacher About Clara Barton: Clara Barton was the youngest of five children in a Massachusetts farming family. She was ten years younger than the next-youngest sibling. As a child, Clara Barton heard stories of wartime from her father, and, for two years, she nursed her brother David through a long illness. At fifteen, Clara Barton began teaching in a school that her parents started to help her learn to transcend her shyness, sensitivity, and hesitation to act. After a few years of teaching in local schools, Clara Barton started a school in North Oxford and served as a school superintendent. She went to study at the Liberal Institute in New York then began teaching in a school in Bordentown, New Jersey. At that school, she convinced the community to make the school free, an unusual practice in New Jersey at that time. The school grew from six to six hundred students, and with this success, it was determined that the school should be headed by a man, not a woman. With this appointment, Clara Barton resigned, after a total of 18 years in teaching. In 1854, her home town Congressman helped her obtain an appointment by Charles Mason, Commissioner of Patents, to work as a copyist in the Patent Office in Washington, DC. She was the first woman in the United States to hold such a government appointment. She copied secret papers during her time in this job. During 1857 to 1860, with an administration that supported slavery, which she opposed, she left Washington, but worked at her copyist job by mail. She returned to Washington after the election of President Lincoln. Civil War Service When the Sixth Massachusetts arrived in Washington, DC, in 1861, the soldiers had lost many of their belongings in a skirmish along the way. Clara Barton began her Civil War service by responding to this situation: she decided to work to provide supplies for the troops, advertising widely and successfully after the battle at Bull Run. She talked the Surgeon-General into letting her personally distribute supplies to wounded and sick soldiers, and she personally cared for some who needed nursing services. By the next year, she had gained the support of generals John Pope and James Wadsworth, and she had traveled with supplies to several battle sites, again also nursing the wounded. She was granted permission to become superintendent of nurses. Through the Civil War, Clara Barton worked without any official supervision and without being part of any organization, including the Army or the Sanitary Commission, though she worked closely with both. She worked mostly in Virginia and Maryland, and occasionally at battles in other states. Her contribution was primarily not as a nurse, though she did nursing as needed when she was present at a hospital or battlefield. She was primarily an organizer of supply delivery, arriving at battlefields and hospitals with wagons of sanitary supplies. She also worked to identify the dead and wounded, so families could know what happened to their loved ones. Though a supporter of the Union, in serving wounded soldiers, she served both sides in providing neutral relief. She became known as the Angel of the Battlefield. After the War When the Civil War ended, Clara Barton went to Georgia to identify the Union soldiers in unmarked graves who had died at the Confederate prison camp, Andersonville. She helped to establish a national cemetery there. She returned to work out of a Washington, DC, office, to identify more of the missing. As head of a missing persons office, established with the support of President Lincoln, she was the first woman bureau head in the United States government. Her 1869 report documented the fate of about 20,000 missing soldiers, about one-tenth the total number of missing or unidentified. Clara Barton lectured widely about her war experience, and, without getting enmeshed in the organization of the womens rights organizations, also spoke for the campaign for woman suffrage (winning the vote for women). American Red Cross Organizer In 1869, Clara Barton traveled to Europe for her health, where she heard for the first time about the Geneva Convention, which had been established in 1866 but which the United States had not signed. This treaty established the International Red Cross, which was also something Barton first heard of when she came to Europe. The Red Cross leadership began talking with Barton about working for support in the US for the Geneva Convention, but instead, Barton became involved with the International Red Cross to deliver sanitary supplies to various venues, including to a freed Paris. Honored for her work by heads of state in Germany and Baden, and ill with rheumatic fever, Clara Barton returned to the United States in 1873. Rev. Henry Bellows of the Sanitary Commission had established an American organization associated with the International Red Cross in 1866, but it had survived only until 1871. After Barton recovered from her illness, she began working for the ratification of the Geneva Convention and establishment of a US Red Cross affiliate. She persuaded President Garfield to support the treaty, and after his assassination, worked with President Arthur for the ratification of the treaty in the Senate, finally winning that approval in 1882. At that point, the American Red Cross was formally established, and Clara Barton became the first president of the organization. She directed the American Red Cross for 23 years, with a brief break in 1883 to act as a womens prison superintendent in Massachusetts. In what has been called the American amendment, the International Red Cross broadened its scope to include relief not just in time of war but in times of epidemic and natural disaster, and the American Red Cross also expanded its mission to do so. Clara Barton traveled to many disaster and war scenes to bring and administer aid, including the Johnstown flood, Galveston tidal wave, Cincinnati flood, Florida yellow fever epidemic, Spanish-American War, and Armenian massacre in Turkey. Though Clara Barton was remarkably successful in using her personal efforts to organize Red Cross campaigns, she was less successful in administering a growing and on-going organization. She often acted without consulting the organizations executive committee. When some in the organization fought against her methods, she fought back, trying to get rid of her opposition. Complaints about financial record-keeping and other conditions reached Congress, which reincorporated the American Red Cross in 1900 and insisted on improved financial procedures. Clara Barton finally resigned as president of the American Red Cross in 1904, and though she considered founding another organization, she retired to Glen Echo, Maryland. There she died on Good Friday, April 12, 1912. Also known as:Â  Clarissa Harlowe Baker Religion:Â  raised in the Universalist church; as an adult, briefly explored Christian Science but did not join Organizations:Â  American Red Cross, International Red Cross, U.S. Patent Office Background, Family Father: Stephen Barton, farmer, selectman, and legislator (Massachusetts)Mother: Sarah (Sally) Stone Bartonfour older siblings: two brothers, two sisters Education Liberal Institute, Clinton, NY (1851) Marriage, Children Clara Barton never married or had children Publications of Clara Barton History of the Red Cross. 1882.Report: Americas Relief Expedition to Asia Minor under the Red Cross. 1896.The Red Cross: A History of This Remarkable International Movement in the Interest of Humanity. 1898.The Red Cross in Peace and War. 1899.Story of My Childhood. 1907. Bibliography - About Clara Barton William Eleazar Barton. Life of Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross. 1922.David H. Burton. Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity. 1995.Percy H. Epler. The Life of Clara Barton. 1915.Stephen B. Oates. A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War.Elizabeth Brown Pryor. Clara Barton: Professional Angel. 1987.Ishbel Ross. Angel of the Battlefield. 1956. For Children and Young Adults Clara Barton Alexander Doll.Rae Bains and Jean Meyer. Clara Barton: Angel of the Battlefield. 1982.Cathy East Dubowski. Clara Barton: Healing the Wounds. 1991/2005.Robert M. Quackenbush. Clara Barton and Her Victory over Fear. 1995.Mary C. Rose. Clara Barton: Soldier of Mercy. 1991.Augusta Stevenson. Clara Barton, Founder of the American Red Cross. 1982.